Brevard Childs' final book is due out with Eerdmans in the fall. Meanwhile, here is the table of contents.

1. The Search for Paul’s Theology 1
I. Recent Historical Attempts 1
II. The Pauline Corpus 3
III. The Hermeneutical Problem of Interpreting the Corpus 7
IV. Historical Criticism and Canonical Context 10
1. Elements of Continuity 13
2. Elements of Discontinuity 15
V. The Role of a Text’s Background 17
VI. Criteria for Canonicity 19
1. Apostolicity 21
2. Catholicity 22
3. Orthodoxy 23
VII. The Biblical Canon and the Problem
of Textual Reception 24

2. Alternative Proposals for the Problem of Interpretation 29
I. Ulrich Luz: Wirkungsgeschichte 29
II. Richard B. Hays: Intertextual Reading of Scripture 32
III. Frances Young: The Ethics of Reading Paul 39
1. The Development of Young’s Understanding 40
2. A Critical Assessment of Young’s
Hermeneutical Proposals 42
IV. Luke T. Johnson: Exegesis and Hermeneutics 46
1. Johnson’s Interpretive Approach 47
2. Critical Reflections on Johnson’s Proposals 48
V. Wayne A. Meeks: The Social Context
of Pauline Theology 50
1. Meeks’s Approach Outlined 51
2. Examples of Meeks’s Social Interpretation 52
3. A Critical Evaluation of Meeks’s Approach 56
4. The Role of the Canon and Jesus’ Identity 60

3. The Shaping of the Pauline Corpus 65
I. The Letter to the Romans 65
II. The Pastoral Epistles 69
III. The Hermeneutical Significance
of the Canonical Structure 75

4. Exegetical Probes: Introduction and Guidelines 79
I. Paul’s Apostolate and the Gospel 81
1. Characteristic Features of Paul’s Apostleship 83
2. The Theological Implications of Canon 96
II. Abraham’s Faith in Galatians 3 and Romans 4 97
1. J. C. Beker’s Categories of Contingency
and Coherence 97
2. J. Louis Martyn’s Analysis of the Role
of the “Teachers” 99
3. A Canonical Reading of Abraham’s Faith
according to Paul 103
4. Justification in Philippians 108
5. Justification in the Pastorals 110
6. Hermeneutical Implications 111
III. Life in the Spirit 112
1. Romans 8:1-27 113
2. Galatians 5:13-26 115
3. The Canonical Relation of Romans 8
and Galatians 5 117
4. 2 Corinthians 3:1–4:6 122
5. Richard Hays and Ernst Käsemann
on 2 Corinthians 3 135
IV. Community Gifts and Worship 138
1. 1 Corinthians 12–14 139
2. Romans 12:1-21 143
3. Canonical Shaping of Romans 12
and 1 Corinthians 12 145
4. Ephesians 4:7-16 148
V. The Order of the Church and Its Offices 153
1. Introduction: The History of the Debate 153
2. The Pastoral Letters in the Debate 156
3. The Broadening of the Discussion 157
4. The Contributions of German Catholic Scholarship 159
5. Hermeneutical Implications of the Debate 164
VI. The Weak and the Strong 167
1. 1 Corinthians 8:1–11:1 167
2. Romans 14:1–15:13 171
3. Comparison of Corinthians and Romans 173
4. The Weak and Strong within the Pauline Corpus 175
VII. Israel and the Church: Romans 9–11 178
1. Form, Function, and Purpose of Romans 9–11 178
2. Paul’s Gospel Grounded on Israel’s Scriptures 183
3. The Hermeneutics of Paul’s Use of Scripture 189
4. The Canonical Function of Romans 9–11 192
VIII. The Apocalyptic Shape of Paul’s Theology 194
1. The Old Testament Background of Apocalypticism 195
2. Characteristic Features of Apocalypticism 197
3. Apocalyptic and the Growth of Early Christianity 199
4. Apocalyptic Traditions within the Pauline Corpus 206
5. Theological and Canonical Implications
of Apocalyptic 216

5. The Canonical Framing of the Pauline Corpus 219
I. Acts of the Apostles 219
1. The Debate over the Canonical Role of Luke-Acts 219
2. The Canonization of Acts 223
3. The Goals, Purpose, and Function of Acts 226
4. The Hermeneutical Effect of the Canonization of Acts 231
5. The Singularity of Paul’s Letters
and Their Corporate Form 234
6. Kähler’s Hermeneutic and the So-called
Historical Paul 236
II. Hebrews 237
1. Critical Issues 237
2. Major Theological Themes of Continuity 239
3. Themes of Radical Discontinuity 241
4. Exhortation and Parenesis 242
5. The Humanity of Jesus 244
6. The Major Hermeneutical Issues at Stake 244
7. Reasons for Inclusion of Hebrews
in the Pauline Corpus 248
8. The Effect of Hebrews within the Pauline Corpus 249

6. Theological Implications of the Pauline Corpus for Interpretation 253
I. The Theological Integrity of a Canonical Reading 253
II. TheCanonical ContextasanInterpretiveGuide 254
III. Canonical ShapingandReaderInterpretation 255
IV. TheHermeneutical DialecticinReadingtheCorpus 255
V. TheHistorical andCanonical Paul 256
VI. TheChristological Contentof thePaulineWitness 257
VII. TheFaithfulnessof GodtoHisPromises 258
VIII. TheEschatological-Apocalyptical Witnessof Paul 258

Featured in yesterday's Morning Star, the weekly newsletter from Wycliffe College, is an editorial by Chris Seitz. Appropriate to the venue, it includes a few personal reflections. And it sounds a familiar theme in Seitz's work—"accordance," as the title indicates.

Brevard Childs' death is mentioned. St Andrews is remembered. Richard Bauckham's Eyewitnesses book is commended, and this leads into a brief discussion of Irenaeus on the accordance of eyewitness testimony with the scriptures.

Read it all. It's not long.

Tags: St Andrews

In preparing for the seminar discussion I'm leading tomorrow, I dug up some papers I haven't looked at for a while, including the very rare transcript of Karl Barth and the Future of Theology: A Memorial Colloquium Held at Yale Divinity School January 28, 1969—held barely a month after Barth passed away. Brevard Childs and Hans Frei were among the panelists.

Charles Scalise made a lot of the piece in his dissertation on Childs and Barth (1987), and again in a follow-up article in SJT 47 (1994): 61–88, which has sometimes been cited by those wishing to criticize Childs by associating him with Barth. (The Childs essay in question is: “Karl Barth as Interpreter of Scripture.” Pages 30-39 in Karl Barth and the Future of Theology. Edited by D. L. Dickerman. New Haven: Yale Divinity School Association, 1969. When I first tried to get my hands on it, the librarian at St Andrews told me there was no copy in Britain.)

Childs' essay was reworked in 1989, though it remains unpublished. (It was pulled out again at the Beecher lectures, where Childs filled in for Lee Keck, who had been in a car accident.) But what Scalise, and to my knowledge everybody else too, fails to mention about the YDS colloquium volume is that, at the back, it includes a transcript of the Q&A which followed the paper session.

It's really illuminating stuff. A while back I OCRed it (it appears to have been transcribed from a cassette tape by a research assistant way back). As I think virtually nobody has seen this, and it's chatty and informal, and it highlights a number of important points, I'm posting the script here.

Points of note:

1. Childs lines up with Frei (indeed, partly learns from Frei) on "the heart of the problem: that for Calvin, the sensus literalis IS Jesus Christ. And it was only when you have the eighteenth century identification of the literal sense with the historical sense that you’re just hopelessly lost."
   
   
2. When they say this (Frei: "That's right.") nobody knows what they're talking about.
   
   
3. Allegorical readings can't be dismissed out of hand for either Childs or Frei.
   
   
4. But when it comes down to a few finer details, Childs differs from Frei on the matter of reference.
   
   
5. Specifically, for Childs the "ontology" issue at stake means "the scope of the canon; namely, the reality which is in dialectic with the text, defined by its canonical context. I don’t see how you can avoid a dialectic between text and reality, in some sort."
   
   
6. For Childs, this is why "the new hermeneutic is not only mistaken, but it one colossal cul de sac."
   
   
7. 1969 is incredibly early—the year before Childs' Biblical Theology in Crisis, and five years before Frei's Eclipse of Biblical Narrative.

The full discussion (minus a few digressions):

STUDENT: I have a question. You’ve commented tonight on the truthfulness of Barth’s use of scripture. You’ve commented on the wide-ranging homiletical force of much of his writing. But when you look at it closely enough in some respects in some places, it is not textually predicated or warranted sometimes, and may even sometimes be allegorical. How do you appropriate, still, some of this live genius that’s there, and yet at the same time remain more controlled by the text? That would probably be one question.

And the second question would be, Do you see any person on the horizon who shows promise of being as crucial, as forceful, and yet takes more seriously what the text is saying—controlling himself at this point more than Barth?

BREVARD CHILDS: Well it seems to me for the last twenty or thirty years people have been trying to combine the orthodoxy of Barth with the historical-critical approach. It seems to me that this enterprise has now come to and end and has proven unfruitful—that you are now at the turn of the road, you have to go either right or left; that the type of move that said Barth is right in seeing theological dimension, but now we have to take history more seriously and bring in the whole baggage—I don’t think this can—

In other words, I’m suggesting that the problem is far deeper than this. It’s a problem that certainly didn’t just arise with Barth. (And much of what I’ve learned about this has come from talking with Hans Frei.) But it has often bothered and puzzled me. You see, when you read Calvin, he fights against the whole medieval tradition by saying it’s the sensus literails that counts—it’s the literal sense—and you have page after page against the whole church dogma. But then you read Calvin on the Old Testament, and here’s Jesus Christ and Jesus Christ. How could it possibly be? And everybody just says that Calvin is just inconsistent.

It seems to me that this doesn’t at all touch the heart of the problem: that for Calvin, the sensus literalis IS Jesus Christ. And it was only when you have the eighteenth century identification of the literal sense with the historical sense that you’re just hopelessly lost. And it seems to me that it’s something along that line—that we’ve just been unable to understand what Barth is doing.

HANS FREI: That’s right.

JULIAN HARTT: Would you mind repeating that?

CHILDS: It sounds better in German, though.

STUDENT: Is it something we can do today?

FREI: Sure, because you see [tape unintelligible] in his exegesis he’s looking at the text. He’s not looking through the text at the person who wrote it. He is, I think, a highly literal reader—what’s set before you there—whereas I noticed that one goes back (in questioning his exegesis) constantly to and earlier version of Barth that he pretty clearly forsook very soon: namely, the Barth for whom the letter became transparent and pointed him to something deeper, something else.

I think, because one thing about Barth is that he’s very much controlled by the letter—no spirit without letter—very much controlled by the letter, and in regard to that and historical criticism, he simply made the move: when you’re doing historical criticism, you’re doing a pretty fine thing, I’m sure. But it’s just logically different from reading the text, burrowing under it, and cropping out all over it, lots of nice things. And I’m sure that there’s an awful lot of illumination to be gained by that. But you’re not reading the text, you see. Barth reads the text. It cannot be qualified with other things.

In Scripture we know that when we read a story, a historical investigation of the story is a very good thing to do. But we need to know how that text works, what’s in the text. And though we have a hard time describing how we do that, in fact when we compare about what we think it says we often find that we can agree on things, and I think fundamentally it is as simple as that. That’s how it works for Barth.

SALIERS: . . . [But the] assumption that we can treat things as a literary whole which gives us a certain critical concept of literalness, which we can then employ, is a thing that the Biblical people, at least the ones who knit their brows when you said that, are probably worrying about.

CHILDS: Well, it’s a real problem. I wouldn’t go quite with Hans in this direction. It seems to me that the problem came up very early in church history when Jerome attempted to translate the Bible from Hebrew. Augustine called him into question. He said the New Testament and the Church is receiving the Old Testament in terms of the Septuagint, and therefore this is the context and there’s no use going behind it. You can’t go behind it. And Jerome of course just killed him at this point in defending the need for seeing the original context.

Here, it seems to me that both had a point. Obviously, Augustine was right in taking seriously the fact that the Old Testament had taken another form and had assumed another context by being passed through the Septuagint. But Jerome obviously was right in claiming that the next context of the church did not obliterate the older context in which it was seen. In other words, what I’m saying is that the problem that remains the most thorny one is how the various contexts relate. And Barth, in criticizing the historical critics’ insistence that you read the original context but take seriously the theological-confessional context, it seems to me, is in the danger—just as Augustine—of obliterating the need for dealing with the original context.

[. . . After a few minutes, the discussion returns to Childs’ differences with Frei.]

CHILDS: But you see [Barth] doesn’t use the term “context,” but he talks about the canon, namely: that Scripture is the apostolic, prophetic testimony all linked together. Don’t go behind this, don’t separate it. And this is a context; in other words, this is a theological context—

ROBERT JOHNSON: You’re speaking, then, of the historical context that Barth says is in the word “history.”

CHILDS: No, no. That’s the whole point: that Barth objects to everyone who does this.

JOHNSON: So, from the point of view of what Hans is arguing, what he’s really talking about is not the historical context but the literary context.

CHILDS: That’s where Hans and I differ somewhat. I move in a little different direction here. In other words, it seems to me that there are problems when you get—I would agree fully with Hans when he’s combatting those historical critics who would want to go behind the text, but it’s interesting when you begin to deal with the narrative text, as a context. One has to keep in mind that the early church, in the controversy with Judaism, took quite a different move. When the Jews were saying, read the text! read the text!, the Christians said, there’s something behind the text. It’s what the text points to, namely: Jesus Christ. And there was a dialectic between the reality and the text.

It seems to me, what buttresses this from getting into the kind of ontology you’re talking about is the scope of the canon; namely, the reality which is in dialectic with the text, defined by its canonical context. I don’t see how you can avoid a dialectic between text and reality, in some sort.

[. . . The conversation turns to a student, Johnson and Frei momentarily.]

CHILDS: It seems to me that this question about the Jesus that Paul—excuse me, that Barth—raises, was very much a part of the mood of the early churchmen. They are concerned: How do you know what the Old Testament is talking about? You hear the Gospel; that is, the dialectic between old and new. Who is Jesus? You don’t get it just from reading the narrative of the Gospel. That’s the whole point that the early church worked on: He’s the Servant; He’s Suffering Israel; He’s the eye of the Sun; all this sort of thing. It seems to me, therefore, that I fully agree that the new hermeneutic is not only mistaken, but it one colossal cul de sac.

[This is Childs’ last comment for the evening.]

Tags: Childs, Theological Exegesis, Frei, St Andrews

David Congdon, currently editor of the Princeton Theological Review (and from further back my wife's cousin), has announced a call for papers relating to theological exegesis. I quote from his blog:

The Spring 2008 issue of the Princeton Theological Review will be on the topic of “theological exegesis,” and we are currently accepting submissions. The PTR is a journal of evangelical theology which seeks to be academically rigorous, ecumenically sensitive, and ecclesially faithful. The current PTR is a student-run manifestation of the old PTR that was originally founded by Charles Hodge in the 19th century. We have a national and international readership, and the journal is held at a number of theological institutions.

If you are interested in submitting to the PTR for our spring issue on theological exegesis, see our submission guidelines. Articles should be between 5000-7000 words, though we can be flexible with the length if necessary. Articles can be works of original theological exegesis, or discussions of the work of others. We especially welcome any articles focusing on the work and legacy of Brevard Childs. If you would like, submissions may be sent directly to me (via email link in my profile) or to the executive editor at ptr-at-ptsem.edu.

In addition to articles, we also accept reflections on the chosen theme and sermons that demonstrate theological exegesis at work in a pastoral context. Reflections (and sermons, if possible) should range between 1200-2000 words.

I for one will be submitting a piece on Childs (who else?). Those with interest should contact either David or PTR's executive editor.

Tags: Childs, Theological Exegesis

Next Wednesday (24 October, 9:15 a.m.), at the Scripture and Theology seminar here, I am giving a paper and leading a discussion on the topic of Brevard Childs and his followers.

Discussion will proceed on the basis of my paper and two readings, circulated in advance. The first and more involved of these is G. T. Sheppard's introduction to a Puritan commentary he edited for re-publication.  Toward the end it picks up the issue the seminar discussed yesterday—whether there is an alternative to "story" for coordinating our exegetical efforts.

•Sheppard, Gerald T. “Between Reformation and Modern Commentary: the Perception of the Scope of Biblical Books.” Pages xlviii-lxxvii in A Commentary on Galatians, William Perkins. Edited by Gerald T Sheppard. Pilgrim Classic Commentaries New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989.

The second is a short piece by C. Seitz—I think originally a review of Childs' 1992 Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments.  Among other things, it gives some feel for the minority position Childs' followers feel themselves to be in.

•Seitz, Christopher R. “'We Are Not Prophets or Apostles': The Biblical Theology of B. S. Childs.” Pages 102–109 in Word Without End: The Old Testament as Abiding Theological Witness. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1998.

If you are not a usual participant but wish to come along—on the condition I guess that you are also reasonably near St Andrews—contact me and I can circulate the readings.

Tags: Childs, Theological Exegesis, St Andrews

Philip Sumpter is currently doing a PhD at Cheltenham, but long distance from Bonn, Germany. Earlier this summer an acquaintance forwarded me a Yahoo group thread in which Phil got into a short discussion with Philip Davies over the significance of canon for biblical studies. This caught my interest for a variety of reasons which I won't go into here.

I noticed last week that Phil has started a blog, entitled Narrative and Ontology, and that he is embarking on a discussion of Childs' work, among many other things. He has already sparked quite a discussion! I see today that the first installment in the promised series was posted over the weekend. It's titled: Introducing Brevard S. Childs…

It's a busy time for me just now—final year PhD stuff: moving into a new flat this last weekend, looking for jobs, building the CV, and all the while attempting to write up and revise for submission—so it's hard to say how involved I'll get. But I do look forward to seeing what he has to say.

Last week, after I ventured too long an explanation of my thesis to my aunt and uncle, my uncle recovered from the semi-conscious state I had induced just enough to ask how many would read my work. ("Ten?" I guessed. "Excluding the examiners, if I'm lucky. And eight of them won't like it.") The question reminded me of some of the hazards of specialization. To cope with this, it is tempting to imagine that you're not just isolated with this highly specific knowledge, but that it makes you unique. Maybe, you think, I put the special in specialized. For instance, I have wondered before if I was not the youngest person to have made a project of reading through Childs' entire corpus. Obviously, if the conditions are framed carefully enough, most people can earn distinction in a given area, if only for themselves. But—and here's the point—it probably isn't true. Even Elijah had to be shown that there were 7000 left in the land.

So I am pleased to discover that others are interested in this topic. Good luck moderating, Phil.

UPDATE: I couldn't resist. See my additions to an already overlong thread here (then John's response), here (John's response again), and here plus here (with a third response), then here. Meanwhile, Phil moved ahead with the next installment. But it's time for me to get back to work.

Tags: Childs

From what I hear the SBL session in honor of Brevard Childs is coming together well. Thus far Christopher Seitz, Gary Anderson, Richard Hays, Ellen Davis, Ephraim Radner (now here), David Peterson, and Kavin Rowe are involved. Their responses will be 7-10 minutes, from NT, Theology, OT, Reception History, and other angles.

Tags: Childs, Canon, PhD

I am slotted to give a paper in San Diego on 17 November 2007. My focus is on a few verses towards the middle of Psalm 102. Full details for the session, including links to abstracts, are as follows.

S17-108

Book of Psalms

11/17/2007
4:00 PM to 6:30 PM
Room: Windsor BC - GH

William Bellinger, Baylor University, Presiding

Daniel R. Driver, University of St. Andrews
For a Generation to Come: The Addressee of Psalm 102 in Reception and Recent Research (30 min)

Robert E. Wallace, Shorter College
Back to the Beginning: Yahweh as King, Moses as Mediator and Psalms 104-106 (30 min)

Judith Gärtner, Universität Hamburg
The Tora in Psalm 106 and Psalm 136 (30 min)

Jinkyu Kim, Nyack College
Strategic Arrangement of Royal Psalms in the Last Two Books of the Psalter (30 min)

Charles Rix, Drew University
Note the Silence: Reading Psalm 137 Through Messiaen and Bak (30 min)


Since my proposal was supposed to have a paragraph break in it, and since what else is a blog for?, and since it'll be good to keep the thing out in front of me as November approaches, here's my proposal/abstract:

In recent years, some attention has been paid to Psalm 102 by scholars interested in the canon’s final form, though in very different ways. Odil Steck, for instance, has argued not just that the psalm be read as a whole (contra an older form-critical understanding), but that its singularity be explained with reference to a body of scripture largely extant at the time of its composition. For him, the psalm arises at a late redactional phase in the formation of the canon, testifying to the confluence of distinctive prophetic and sapiential streams of tradition. Somewhat differently, Brevard Childs has discussed Psalm 102 as an instance of the authority scripture increasingly accrued in textualized form: it was “recorded for a generation to come” (19a). Despite fairly substantial disagreements in a number of areas—including about the place of intentionality as such—Steck and Childs agree that the intended audience is in the remote future. On analogy with late prophecy, perhaps, the generation addressed is not near, but distant; in Steck’s word, the psalm voices “Fernerwartung.”

The burden of the present paper is to query the history of reception of Psalm 102, particularly verse 19, to see whether there is any “family resemblance” (Childs) with these more recent interpretations. Which generations have been found in the psalmist’s purview? The results may have an important bearing on Childs’s program, which has long sought to hold the history of interpretation together with modern research (most recently, cf. The Struggle to Understand Isaiah as Christian Scripture). If preoccupation with an original cultic context is a modern oddity, what can be said for the theory of a radicalized eschatology?

Obviously, the whole thing is kinda supposed to relate to the last chapter of my dissertation.

Tags: Childs, Psalms, PhD

Early this fall there will be a public memorial service for Brevard Childs. It will take place on Tuesday, 25 September, at 5:00, at Yale Divinity School in Marquand Chapel. A reception will follow in the common room. (I'd try to attend if I weren't a continent away.)

Later, at the November SBL Congress in San Diego, a panel will reflect on his career. The members of the panel are still to be announced, though I know at least Christopher Seitz is involved. As it stands on the SBL site today, the details are:

S18-50

Reflections on Brevard Childs

11/18/2007
1:00 PM to 3:00 PM
Room: 30 E - CC

A panel of scholars, in light of Child's death in July 2007, is being assembled. The panel will reflect on the contributions of Brevard Childs' career. Among the topics to be covered will be his influence on form criticism, reception history, Old Testament introductions, New Testament studies, and theology.


As I am giving a paper there the day before, I do of course plan to be in attendance. A much smaller session was hosted in Vienna (on Wednesday, 25 July 2007), thanks to quick arrangements by Kent Richards. Memorable comments after Seitz's paper included those of James Kugel and Erhard Gerstenberger. The latter recalled splitting some obstinate wood for the Childs household on one visit to Yale, and contributing a critical essay to the first Childs FS that was nevertheless received with warmth and gratitude.

Because a little more time has passed, the November session promises to be more comprehensive, and more directed to Childs' diverse scholarly efforts.

In Vienna there was also a session for James Barr. I am sorry that it does not look like a similar session has been planned for him in San Diego.

Tags: Childs

Christopher Seitz has written an elegant and laudatory obituary for the SBL website. An excerpt:

Childs’s control of the history of ideas, especially continental scholarship; his immersion in the apparatus of classical theological reflection from the Reformation period and from the wider history of biblical interpretation; his technical training in Hebrew language; and his deep love of and concern for the church, and the way the Bible made its renewing voice heard, as the speech of God for every age: these characteristics of the man and his work mark him off as a scholar whose best analogies are to be found in figures like Jerome, Chrysostom, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, or his teacher from a more recent day, Karl Barth. No one who ever heard him lecture will forget his carefully composed prayers, and no one who heard him preach or pray will have failed to note a man of great learning, humility, Godly fear, and deep Christian hopefulness.

...

As we mark and mourn his passing, we lean into the confident hope that Brevard Childs will be read and heard, and his work continued, well beyond the years he gave us. He was never a man to call attention to himself, but rather to point to the God who in every generation raised up women and men of faith, to extend the legacy of prophet and apostle in their own way, in their own generation. This challenge never failed to energize Brevard Childs, and we who give thanks for his life do so in gratitude to the God who sent him and gave us these years of service and proclamation, always to his greater glory.
May God grant him joy and rest eternal with his saints from every age.

Tags: Childs

Georg Steins sends regrets in an official response on behalf of the Institut für Katholische Theologie, at the Universität Osnabrück, because (in his words) "wir in Osanbrück viel zu verdanken haben." The letter appears here with his permission.


Sehr geehrte Frau Childs,

mit großer Bestürzung und Betroffenheit habe ich die Nachricht vom plötzlichen Tod Ihres Mannes, des Kollegen Professor Brevard S. Childs, erhalten. Als Direktor des Instituts für Katholische Theologie an der Universität Osnabrück spreche ich Ihnen, Ihren Kindern und der ganzen Familie mein aufrichtiges Beileid aus.

Mit Brevard S. Childs verliert die internationale Bibelwissenschaft eine mutige Persönlichkeit und einen herausragenden Gelehrten. Ihr Mann gehört zu den Pionieren einer Neuen Biblischen Theologie in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine Wiederentdeckung des Kanons als Schlüssel einer theologischen Bibelinterpretation hat zahlreichen Kolleginnen und Kollegen nicht nur einen Weg gewissen, sondern eine breite Bahn geöffnet, auf der wir in noch unerforschtes Neuland gelangen können. Ich wüsste keinen anderen Exegeten zu nennen, dessen Werk in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten in der Fachwissenschaft so tiefe Spuren hinterlassen hat.

Die neue Richtung des „canonical approach“ findet in der deutschsprachigen Exegese erst allmählich größere Beachtung; lange Zeit stieß der Ansatz ihres Mannes in der Fachwelt auf Skepsis, nicht selten auch auf Ablehnung. Die Bibelwissenschaft in Osnabrück ist dem Wirken Ihres Mannes schon seit längerem auf besondere Weise dankbar verbunden: Wir, d.h. mein Kollege Professor Christoph Dohmen (der jetzt in Regensburg lehrt) und ich, haben Anfang der 90er Jahre begonnen, das Werk Ihres Mannes intensiver zu studieren und mit seinem Blick die Bibel als Kanon zu reflektieren. Von Christoph Dohmen kam dann die Anregung, das großen Werk „Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments“ ins Deutsche zu übersetzen; die Übersetzung ist schließlich 1994 und 1996 unter dem schönen Titel „Die Theologie der einen Bibel“ in zwei Bänden beim Herder Verlag in Freiburg im Breisgau erschienen.

Das Werk Ihres Mannes hat für nicht wenige Exegetinnen und Exegeten der jüngeren Generation in Deutschland schon jetzt gewissermaßen „kanonischen“ Rang erreichen, in dem Sinne, dass es auch unabhängig von seinem Autor weiterwirkt und immer neue Kräfte freisetzt – zum fortwährenden Hören auf das Wort Gottes in den vielen Worten der einen Heiligen Schrift.

Wir wollen Gott danken, dass er uns und der Welt diesen Diener des Evangeliums geschenkt hat, und wünschen Ihnen und Ihrer Familie in all Ihrer Trauer und Ihrem Schmerz das feste Vertrauen auf den, der unseren Anfang und unser Ende in seinen guten Vaterhänden hält.

Es grüßt Sie

gez. Georg Steins

Tags: Deutsch, Childs

Ephraim Radner's comment was pretty well buried among the other responses to Saturday's news. (That list has been updated today.) I post it here because it's heartfelt and colorful. It also tracks with with Seitz's comment about BTONT's readership, from yesterday.

I am certain of Brevard Childs’ rest with the saints.  But he will be missed in a great way.  There have been and are Old Testament scholars of enormous gifts and contributions.  But Childs almost single-handedly—single-mindedly and single-heartedly—wrested serious Biblical studies away from the diseased grip of historical-critical irrelevance, with its fragmenting of the divine text, with respect to Scripture’s reality as the Word of God. The movement of renewal he inititiated is still in its infancy, and its future for the Christian faith and Church still uncharted. I pray we may be worthy of the legacy he has left. But I would not be surprised if, when histories are written of Scriptural scholarship, he is not viewed as among the greatest in the last 50 years.  That he fulfilled his vocation while being a man of humble faith, prayer, and warm affection for students and colleagues is a testimony to the marvelous grace of God.  May the Lord bless him in His Kingdom, and may our hearts be thankful.

Tags: Childs

Brevard Childs died on Saturday, 23 June 2007, in New Haven. He sustained injuries from a bad fall in a few days earlier from which he was unable to recover. Born 2 September 1923, he was 83 years old.

The following brief biography is excerpted from Gerald Sheppard, "Childs, Brevard (B. 1923)," in Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters (ed. Donald K. McKim; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998), 575-584. The correction in the first line is courtesy of C. R. Seitz.

Childs grew up in Southern Presbyterian churches [sic—He was baptised Episcopalian in Columbia SC. It was only when he moved north to Queens (a consequence of his father's ill health) that the family attended the Presbyterian Church. He and Ann attended an anglican church in Cambridge.] and studied at the University of Michigan (A.B. and M.A.). After serving in the army in Europe during World War II, he earned his B.D. at Princeton Theological Seminary before pursuing a doctorate at the University of Basel, Switzerland. At Basel Childs studied Old Testament with Walther Eichrodt, among others. In addition to his studies in Basel, he took advantage of Near Eastern scholarship at Heidelberg University.

In Basel Childs met his wife, Ann, who had attended some of Karl Barth's lectures with him. This was an exciting period for theological study. Besides the vigorous table talk among the visiting and local students, inexpensively published journals of essays and debates between theologians, biblical scholars and historians further stimulated the intellectual atmosphere.

At the University of Basel Childs completed his dissertation on the problem of myth in the opening chapters of Genesis just at the the time when Walter Baumgartner replaced Eichrodt as the senior Old Testament scholar. Creating consternation at the time, Baumgartner informally refused to accept the methodology of Childs's dissertation, so Childs had to change his plans in order to undertake a full revision, now informed by a new grasp of form-critical analysis. That obligation helps explain why Childs became one of the leading tradition historians in North America. The revised dissertation, Der Mythos als theologische Problem im Alten Testaments (1953), was never published, though Childs circulated major portions of it under the title A Study of Myth in Genesis 1–11 (1955) among his wide network of English-speaking scholarly friends.

In 1954 Childs began teaching Old Testament at Mission House Seminary and in 1958 accepted a teaching position at Yale Divinity School...

Childs was the Sterling Professor of Divinity at Yale University, where he remained an emeritus professor for the duration of his life.

I met Childs breifly at his house in Cambridge last spring. He and Ann spoke fondly of their student days in Europe in the early 1950s, and Childs remembered in story his many “unforgettable teachers,” including von Rad, Zimmerli, Cullmann, Bornkamm and Barth. (Compare the prefaces to Myth, Memory, Exodus, and especially to IOTS, NTCI, OTTCC and BTONT.) Due in part to this training, he was able to bridge the gap between German and Anglo-Saxon scholarship as few ever have. His passing is marked with sadness not least because he was one of the last Old Testament specialists to control the entire field, Old and New. His readers frequently note how very much more he read than the rest of us.

Childs' work is among the most misplaced of any biblical scholar since Hermann Gunkel, except that in Gunkel's case the methods associated with him (Gunkel did not exactly approve of "form criticism"), at first controversial, soon won almost unanimous support. Childs wrote at a time when a broad consensus had ceased to be a possibility.

Childs spent a lifetime confronting the dissolution he experienced. As he explains in the preface to his landmark Introduction to the Old Testament at Scripture (1979),

Twenty-five years ago, when I returned home from four years of graduate study in Europe, the area within the field of the OT which held the least attraction for me was Introduction. I supposed that most of the major problems had already been resolved by the giants of the past. Even allowing for the inevitable process of refinement and modification, could one really expect anything new in this area? I was content to leave the drudgery of writing an Introduction to someone else with more Sitzfleisch.

Two decades of teaching have brought many changes in my perspective. Having experienced the demise of the Biblical Theology movement in America, the dissolution of the broad European consensus in which I was trained, and a widespread confusion regarding theological reflection in general, I began to realize that there was something fundamentally wrong with the foundations of the biblical discipline. It was not a question of improving on a source analysis, of discovering some unrecognized new genre, or of bringing a redactional layer into shaper focus. Rather, the crucial issue turned on one’s whole concept of the study of the Bible itself. I am now convinced that the relation between the historical critical study of the Bible and its theological use as religious literature within a community of faith and practice needs to be completely rethought. Minor adjustments are not only inadequate, but also conceal the extent of the dry rot.

Major controversy followed the publication of IOTS in 1979. Few were won over to the new approach, and a handful (some very prominent) insisted that an allegedly incoherent method stood in need of reconstruction. On the other hand, at a Yale lecture in the early 1980s, Rolf Rendtorff asked Childs to translate for the audience his reaction to IOTS: Es war als fielen mir die Schuppen von den Augen.

This anecdote is related by Christopher Seitz, who prominently among Childs' students has defended the sanity of the canonical approach (for the Rendtorff story see Seitz's essay in Canon and Biblical Interpretation, p84). Much like Gunkel's reception at an earlier time, however, it proved easier to assume that the challenge to the reigning order signaled more chaos than creation. As Machiavelli once wrote, "the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions."

Seitz is close to the mark, I think, when he writes of a later book (1992): "Childs's Biblical Theology may prove to be a book in search of an audience, and for that reason it will be judged by the widest variety of readers as learned but unsatisfactory and by an even smaller audience as the most brilliant proposal for theological exegesis offered in recent memory, but one unlikely to gain the sort of foothold necessary to transform the church in its use of scripture."

It is still much to early to assess the significance of Childs' long and productive career. I know a few who place themselves in the second, smaller group—some who have passed through St Andrews in recent years. I myself came to the controversy late, and I maintain hope that many more in my generation will avail themselves of the immense learning and insight on offer in Childs' work. Like me, more may come to wonder about the contents of the book (on the NT again!) Childs never had the time to complete, or failing that, to recognize the complexity and enormity of the task he undertook as a Christian exegete.

The funeral service will be held this coming Saturday, with and family and close friends in attendance.

At this time our thoughts and prayers are with Ann, the family, their close friends. Brevard Childs is lamented for the acumen and memory that passes with him. His personal warmth, gentleness, and charity make the loss sadder still. May his memory be for a blessing.

Tags: Childs, PhD

Listed here are links to other online mentions of Childs' passing. Some include personal reminiscences. I have artificially set the date and time back, obviously, and for a time I will add links as they multiply.

In the Blogosphere

Stephen Cook :: Prayers Requested for Prof. Brevard S. Childs
Kevin Wilson :: In Memorium: Brevard Childs
Stephen Cook :: Sad Announcement :: Loss of True Giant :: More Details
Kendall Harmon :: Brevard Childs RIP :: including a comment by Ephraim Radner
Jim West :: Brevard Childs has Died
Airton José da Silva :: Sobre Brevard Childs, que faleceu ontem
Benjamin Myers :: Brevard Childs
Christopher Heard :: R.I.P. Brevard Childs
Charles Halson :: In Memoriam, Brevard Childs
Graham @ Leaving Münster :: Brevard Childs - Rest in Peace
Michael Westmoreland-White :: R.I.P. Brevard S. Childs (1923-2007)
Scott Clark :: Brevard S. Childs
Jim Davila :: Brevard Childs
Justin Taylor :: Brevard Childs (1923-2007)
Andy Goodliff :: Brevard Childs (1923-2007)
Claude Mariottini :: Brevard Childs
Peter Matthews :: Brevard Childs 1923-2007
Henry Neufeld :: In Memory
Jason :: Brevard Childs Died
Michael J. G. Pahls :: Brevard Springs Childs (1923-2007)
Richard Floyd :: Personal Reflections on the Death of Brevard Childs
*I have ceased to update blog posts. If you want to add another, please paste the URL in the comments.*

Official Notices and Obituaries

Frank Brown :: Yale Divinity School Announcement
Georg Steins :: Universität Osnabrück (posted on this site)
Christopher Seitz :: SBL Obituary, Brevard S. Childs 1923-2007 (excerpted here)

Tags: PhD, Childs

I've just complete a (bloated) 20K word chapter on Childs and midrash, part of which I'll be presenting in a seminar next Wednesday. I've titled the section I'm presenting "The Mystery of Israel" (a phrases from Biblical Theology in Crisis).

The full title of the piece is something like: "Midrash, Kanonbewußtsein, and the Mystery of Israel."

It's good to get underway again.

Tags: Childs, PhD, Midrash

I ran across this list of some audio recordings of Childs that are not on my bibliography. I saw some of these in another bibliography once (I forget which just now) and couldn't be bothered to add them to mine. Maybe later.

The Yale site hosts an array of unpublished material from Hans Frei (see here for the full Yale holdings), among others, if you haven't discovered this yet (noted in Mike Higton's recent book). Very helpful.

Tags: Childs, PhD

reminds me of Henry James' The Figure in the Carpet (summary here), from undergrad days in English literature.

Tags: Childs

I've been working on annotating a select bibliography of Childs' work. I've chosen five books. You can read why here.

I've incorporated another 20 reviews into the online Childs bibliography, all of which have links to full text through JSTOR. I'll update the PDF file to include the new reviews by the end of the day.

The final results are:

Books: 4 of 12 online (33%)
Articles: 19 of 58 online (32%)
Reviews: 60 of 72 online (83%)

Hopefully others out there will find this resource useful. Happy reading!

Tags: Childs

I updated the Childs bibliography to reflect all the titles by Childs that are available online. So far I know of four books and four articles. Please let me know if you find others!

UPDATE: So there's far more Childs online than I ever imagined! So far I've got 4 books, 12 articles, and 33 reviews. New links to all of this are now up. Check it out, then, if you're working on Childs, thank me profusely. Or if you notice any omissions or mistakes, let me know.

UPDATE: OK, this is getting insane. I now have four books, nineteen articles, and forty (!) reviews. The reviews are particularly impressive. As far as I know, the last review Childs wrote was in 1992, and the first was in 1958. I count 52 reviews here, which means 77% of his reviews are online. Did I say that was before 1992?! Along the way, I discovered about a dozen other reviews that I had not know about (I'll post them tomorrow). That will push the final mark for reviews online to 81%. Who are these people!?

Tags: PhD

I was browsing the online text of the three SEAD essays (see previous post), and I soon discovered that the online text is not always identical to the printed text.

For example, "Sheer rot!" is deleted from third-to-last paragraph of the essay "Discrete Witness" in the printed edition (p62). It would be interesting to know if there were other such omissions!

Tags: PhD

For a while now I've lamented the loss of three papers Childs gave in 1997, which until recently had been available online. They have been printed in a volume titled The Rule of Faith:


Though I now own this volume, it's convenient to have the text in a searchable format. Today (I don't know why not before) it finally occurred to me to look on the WayBack Machine. Sure enough, the essays are still there. If you're interested, browse the full text of:

Childs, Brevard. "Jesus Christ the Lord and the Scriptures of the Church." Pages 1-12 in Rule of Faith. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishers, 1998.
———. "The Nature of the Christian Bible: One Book, Two Testaments." Pages 115-125 in Rule of Faith. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishers, 1998.
———. "The One Gospel in Four Witnesses." Pages 51-62 in Rule of Faith. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishers, 1998.

I've updated the Childs bibliography with the same links. They're all on the same page, so you'll have to scroll down for two and three.

I was also pleased to s